Retraction of a published article is carried out in accordance with the Retraction Guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) (https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines).

Retraction may be initiated in cases of:

• proven facts of scientific dishonesty (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism);
• significant methodological errors that undermine the reliability of the conclusions;
• duplication of publication;
• unethical research practices.

In case of retraction:

• the original article is kept in the public domain as part of a scientific archive;
• The PDF version is clearly marked with a “Retracted” marker;
• an official notice of retraction is published, stating the reasons;
• authors receive a written notification with appropriate justification.